Tuesday, November 07, 2006
Seven major Crusades between 1095 and 1270
Pope Urban II issues first call to Crusade in 1095
Crusade: armed pilgrimage to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
Thousands of people joined up
-Shows power of papacy
-New Vitality of the kingdoms of Europe
-Affirmation of the values of the knightly class: just war
First Crusade (1095-1099)
-Seljuk Turks
-Byzantium calls for help from the West
-incentive of penance
-Peter the Hermit
-large body of knights
-Captured Jerusalem in 1099
-Set up Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Second Crusade (1146-1148)
-Preached by Bernard of Clairvaux
-Disaster: why was God displeased?
1187 Jerusalem recaptured by Turks led by Saladin
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
-led by: Richard the Lion-Hearted (England), Philip Augustus (France), Frederick Barbarossa (Germany)
-Many problems; a few successes
-Richard negotiates a truce with Saladin
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
-Called by Innocent III
- entanglements with the Venetian state
- Crusaders sack the Christian city of Constantinople
Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
-Directed at Egypt, the seat of Muslim power in the Middle East
-Also ends in disaster
Sixth and Seventh Crusades
-Both Led by Louis IX of France
-Sixth (1248) to Egypt
-Seventh (1270) to Tunisia
-Louis IX (St. Louis) died in Tunisia from plague
1291 Acre, final Christian city in Middle East, falls to Muslim forces
-End of Crusader states in the Holy Land
